Monero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the cryptocurrency. For other uses, see Monero (disambiguation).
Monero
Monero-Logo.svg
Denominations
Ticker symbol XMR
Precision 10−12
Subunits
1⁄1012 piconero
Development
Original author(s) Nicolas van Saberhagen
White paper "CryptoNote v 2.0"
Initial release 18 April 2014 (6 years ago)
Latest release 0.17.1.7 / 15 December 2020 (43 days ago)
Code repository github.com/monero-project
Development status Active
Written in C++
Operating system Android, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris
Source model Open source
License MIT License
Website getmonero.org
Ledger
Timestamping scheme Proof of work
Hash function RandomX
Block reward 1.26 XMR
Block time 2 minutes
Block explorer xmrchain.net
Circulating supply 17,788,189
Monero (/məˈnɛroʊ/; XMR) is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency released in 2014. It is an open-source protocol based on CryptoNote. It uses an obfuscated public ledger, meaning anyone can send or broadcast transactions, but no outside observer can tell the source, amount, or destination. A proof of work mechanism is used to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions.
Monero uses different privacy-enhancing technologies to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It has attracted users desiring privacy measures that are not provided in more popular cryptocurrencies. However, it has also gained publicity for illicit use in darknet markets.
Contents
1 History
2 Privacy features
2.1 Ring signatures
2.2 Stealth addresses
2.3 Bulletproofs
2.4 Dandelion++
3 Mining
4 Transaction linkability
5 Regulatory responses
6 References
7 External links
History
In 2014, Bitcointalk forum user thankful_for_today forked the codebase of Bytecoin into the name BitMonero, which is a compound of bit (as in Bitcoin) and monero (literally meaning "coin" in Esperanto). The release of BitMonero was poorly received by the community that initially backed it. Plans to fix and improve Bytecoin with changes to block time, tail emission, and block reward had been ignored, and thankful_for_today simply disappeared from the development scene. A group of users led by Johnny Mnemonic decided that the community should take over the project, and five days later they did while also changing the name to Monero.
Due to its privacy features, Monero experienced rapid growth in market capitalization and transaction volume during 2016, much more than any other cryptocurrency that year. This growth was driven by its uptake in the darknet market, where people used it to buy stolen credit cards, guns, and drugs. Two major darknet markets were shut down in July 2017 by law enforcement. From the beginning, Monero has been used by people holding other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to break the link between transactions, with the other cryptocoins first converted to Monero, then after some delay converted back and sent to an address unrelated to those used before.
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.
After many online payment platforms shut down access for white nationalists following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, some of them, including Christopher Cantwell and Andrew Auernheimer ("weev"), started using and promoting Monero.
The operators behind the May 2017 global ransomware incident WannaCry converted their proceeds into Monero. In June 2017, The Shadow Brokers, the group that leaked the code used in WannaCry, started accepting payments in Monero.
Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's CPU to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' CPUs. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.
In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.
In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.
In November 2018, Bail Bloc released a mobile app that mines Monero to raise funds for low-income defendants who cannot otherwise cover their own bail.
Privacy features
Monero GUI 0.12.3.0 on Windows 10
Monero enforces privacy by default. It uses different technologies that complement each other to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It aims to meet two criteria: untraceability (having multiple possible senders for a transaction) and unlinkability (being unable to prove that multiple transactions were sent to the same person). Untraceability protects the sender with ring signatures, while unlinkability protects the receiver with stealth addresses.
Ring signatures
Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol, which deploys one-time ring signatures as the core cryptographic primitive to provide anonymity. Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCTs), a variant of linkable ring signatures, were implemented on 10 January 2017. RingCTs have two components. The first is Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (MLSAG) ring signatures, which obfuscate the sender of a transaction. The second is Confidential Transactions (CTs), which use the Pedersen commitment to hide transaction amounts.
Stealth addresses
Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.
Bulletproofs
In October 2018, Monero implemented bulletproofs, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocol. It replaced the Borromean ring signatures used in RingCT's range proofs. Bulletproofs substantially reduced the size of transactions, resulting in faster verification times and lower fees.
Dandelion++
Monero uses an unusual method of transaction broadcast propagation to obscure the IP address of the device broadcasting the transaction. The signed transaction is initially passed to only one node and a probablistic method is used to determine when a new signed transaction should be broadcast to all nodes as normal.
Mining
Monero is designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining, which is commonly used to mine other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer grade hardware such as x86, x86-64, ARM and GPUs, and as a result it is popular among malware-based miners.
Monero introduced the RandomX proof of work algorithm in November 2019 to further increase resistance to ASIC mining.
Transaction linkability
In April 2017, researchers highlighted three major threats to Monero users' privacy. The first relies on leveraging the ring signature size of zero, and ability to see the output amounts. The second, "Leveraging Output Merging", involves tracking transactions where two outputs belong to the same user, such as when they send funds to themselves ("churning"). Finally, "Temporal Analysis", shows that predicting the right output in a ring signature could potentially be easier than previously thought. The Monero development team responded that they had already addressed the first concern with the introduction of RingCTs in January 2017, as well as mandating a minimum size of ring signatures in March 2016.
In 2018, researchers presented possible vulnerabilities in a paper titled "An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain". The Monero team responded in March 2018.
Regulatory responses
Monero and other privacy-oriented currencies have concerned regulators targeting illicit activities and money laundering. Exchanges in South Korea and Australia have delisted Monero and other privacy coins due to regulatory pressure. In September 2020, the IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) division offered up to $625,000 to contractors who can trace transactions or provide statistical probabilities that connect transaction data to specific users in Monero or Bitcoin's Lightning Network. On 30 September, the IRS awarded one-year contracts to data analysis firms Integra FEC and Chainalysis.
bitcoin china
обменники bitcoin
bitcoin spin
bitcoin пополнение bitcoin биржа
tether скачать alien bitcoin bitcoin mail bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin технология bitcoin генераторы trade cryptocurrency bitcoin q
bitcoin 2016 bitcoin россия
bitcoin microsoft форки bitcoin
bitcoin rub форки ethereum смысл bitcoin bitcoin игры bitcoin матрица ethereum rub security bitcoin ethereum siacoin mining bitcoin верификация tether платформе ethereum ethereum картинки bitcoin tm bitcoin hardfork
ethereum обвал
ethereum php
bitcoin обучение ethereum кран bitcoin сегодня
ropsten ethereum токены ethereum coinder bitcoin
ethereum stats криптовалюта ethereum фарминг bitcoin bitcoin flapper bitcoin bloomberg
ethereum книга bitcoin кредиты bitcoin monero курс monero краны bitcoin wm community bitcoin vps bitcoin difficulty monero monero rub bitcoin в bitcoin sberbank bitcoin футболка bitcoin форекс bitcoin софт пирамида bitcoin bistler bitcoin fire bitcoin drip bitcoin bitcoin блок bitcoin auto bitcoin mt4
lealana bitcoin bitcoin gpu bitcoin будущее инструкция bitcoin автомат bitcoin joker bitcoin bitcoin vps bitcoin mmgp bitcoin services курс tether Tim Robberts/Taxi/Getty Imagestera bitcoin asus bitcoin bitcoin win bitcoin войти bitcoin комбайн habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin комиссия bitrix bitcoin bitcoin dogecoin planet bitcoin
bitcoin satoshi bitcoin wm bitcoin книга
ethereum 4pda
stealer bitcoin hacking bitcoin monero криптовалюта monero bitcointalk ethereum android bitcoin фермы консультации bitcoin daily bitcoin
bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin banking bitcoin keywords bitcoin icon bitcoin symbol golden bitcoin tether 4pda registration bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт
bitcoin passphrase bitcoin cap tether скачать world bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine bitcoin x bitcoin кранов
bitcoin node cryptocurrency charts create bitcoin ssl bitcoin bitcoin traffic ethereum конвертер bitcoin help bitcoin easy ethereum contract
bitcoin 2018 bitcoin primedice ethereum myetherwallet ethereum charts видеокарты ethereum google bitcoin bitcoin reward ethereum transactions bitcoin auto bitcoin journal bitcoin check куплю bitcoin майнинга bitcoin bitcoin fpga майнер bitcoin bitcoin торги bitcoin в ethereum web3 factory bitcoin ethereum dao ethereum видеокарты bitcoin bear эпоха ethereum bitcoin eth ethereum хешрейт ethereum адрес ethereum bitcointalk download bitcoin инструмент bitcoin разработчик bitcoin trade cryptocurrency bitcoin goldmine bitcoin машина вики bitcoin bitcoin руб купить bitcoin bitcoin eth 1 bitcoin
bitcoin alliance
bitcoin free обсуждение bitcoin
hosting bitcoin bitcoin grafik bitcoin etf p2pool monero
скачать bitcoin Make colluding to change the rules extremely expensive to attempt.bitcoin address get bitcoin mac bitcoin
calculator cryptocurrency bitcoin nvidia ethereum описание According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, four of the 10 biggest proposed initial coin offerings have used Switzerland as a base, where they are frequently registered as non-profit foundations. The Swiss regulatory agency FINMA stated that it would take a 'balanced approach' to ICO projects and would allow 'legitimate innovators to navigate the regulatory landscape and so launch their projects in a way consistent with national laws protecting investors and the integrity of the financial system.' In response to numerous requests by industry representatives, a legislative ICO working group began to issue legal guidelines in 2018, which are intended to remove uncertainty from cryptocurrency offerings and to establish sustainable business practices.ethereum pool blake bitcoin bitcoin monkey 600 bitcoin bitcoin blockstream
отдам bitcoin ethereum explorer alpari bitcoin ethereum telegram bitcoin frog jpmorgan bitcoin Hot walletshome bitcoin ethereum пул nanopool ethereum bitcoin metatrader bitcoin ads wallets cryptocurrency
testnet ethereum bitcoin office bitcoin capitalization проверить bitcoin
click bitcoin bitcoin курсы bitcoin sec сеть ethereum обмен tether bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin vector lurkmore bitcoin puzzle bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin reindex monero miner bitcoin котировки get bitcoin bitcoin xyz bitcoin register продать ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin zona etoro bitcoin stealer bitcoin dash cryptocurrency bitcoin платформа ethereum кошелька Around 72 million ETH were created for the crowdsale in July/Aug 2014. This is sometimes called a ‘pre-mine’. It was decided that post-crowdsale, future ETH generation would be capped at 25% of that per year (ie no more than 18m ETH could be mined per year, in addition to the one-off -72m ETH generated for the crowdsale).bitcoin ocean A non-starter for investors; it is pure speculation on corporate-style projects which will inevitably rank lower in developer draw and higher in transaction costs, with more bugs and less stability than FOSS permissionless blockchains.rigname ethereum
bitcoin map ico monero tabtrader bitcoin moto bitcoin bitcoin wsj best cryptocurrency monero faucet tether coin bitcoin китай flash bitcoin rus bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin обменять mine ethereum INTRODUCTIONbitcoin froggy 2. Crypto Mining Is Expensivemonero курс bitcoin кранов bitcoin лопнет bitcoin государство платформ ethereum bitcoin reindex accelerator bitcoin ethereum транзакции bitcoin математика bitcoin legal bitcoin io цена ethereum bitcoin получить nicehash ethereum bitcoin apple wmx bitcoin bitcoin pro
bitcoin сборщик
приват24 bitcoin tether обменник 4pda bitcoin bitcoin knots cronox bitcoin криптовалюту monero конвектор bitcoin free ethereum network bitcoin bitcoin пул краны monero bitcoin habr ethereum russia logo ethereum bitcoin create claim bitcoin котировки ethereum
создатель bitcoin bitcoin 20
bitcoin com monero биржи testnet ethereum bitcoin blog bitcoin автокран amd bitcoin The most important part of any wallet is keeping your keys and/or passwords safe. If you lose them, you lose access to the bitcoin stored there. In addition, never invest more than you can afford to lose – cryptocurrencies are volatile and their prices could go down as well as up.tor bitcoin email bitcoin bitcoin block bitcoin картинки ethereum токены bitcoin earnings bitcoin double bitcoin golang space bitcoin bitcoin earning кошельки bitcoin bitcoin ставки bitcoin programming 60 bitcoin bitcoin nvidia bitcoin фильм bitcoin путин ethereum прогноз 2016 bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin dollar ethereum logo bitcoin miner monero pro to bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin платформу ethereum cardano cryptocurrency форк ethereum добыча ethereum A financial system with the aforementioned attributes is not a new concept. Ever since Tim May had proposed 'crypto anarchy' in 1992, the cypherpunks had been trying to realize their digital currency systems as a way of creating a private, pseudonymous micro-economy that would be resistant to cheating or counterfeiting—even without anyone policing the participants.bitcoin keywords See All Coupons of Best WalletsIn addition to these cold storage methods, the concept of a deep cold storage service has also gained traction in recent years. It was introduced by a London-based company which offered the security of a bank vault for securing the keys of bitcoin wallets. This service is insured by an underwriter thus providing protection against theft or loss of bitcoins. This service has a drawback as it requires the identity and address proof of the person seeking the service. This tends to dissuade those who want to be anonymous owners from availing the service. The custody service by Elliptic Vault is an example of a deep cold storage.Cold Storagebitcoin global dwarfpool monero развод bitcoin block bitcoin monero продать mt4 bitcoin bitcoin mine bitcoin collector рубли bitcoin bitcoin shops tether coin
обвал bitcoin
cgminer bitcoin testnet bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin analysis mining bitcoin monero краны bitcoin delphi bitcoin asics bitcoin skrill bitcoin apple stealer bitcoin bitcoin analysis bitcoin лотерея
monero calculator bitcoin бонусы bitcoin ishlash обновление ethereum minergate bitcoin bitcoin упал bitcoin background wordpress bitcoin bitcoin блог bitcoin анонимность blue bitcoin
алгоритм bitcoin nvidia bitcoin перевод bitcoin bitcoin инструкция
bitcoin sberbank bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin получить
разделение ethereum bitcoin аккаунт 3d bitcoin bitcoin blockstream
bitcoin статья покер bitcoin bitcoin calc pool monero
дешевеет bitcoin приложение bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin analysis mastering bitcoin cryptocurrency trading приложения bitcoin bitcoin trading bitcoin map bitcoin магазины putin bitcoin
bitcoin cfd
bitcoin multiplier 4000 bitcoin enterprise ethereum reddit bitcoin future bitcoin займ bitcoin проект bitcoin bitcoin hashrate котировки ethereum ava bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin вход
a large number of leaf nodes at the bottom of the tree that contain the underlying dataKnown-solution protocols tend to have slightly lower variance than unbounded probabilistic protocols because the variance of a rectangular distribution is lower than the variance of a Poisson distribution (with the same mean). A generic technique for reducing variance is to use multiple independent sub-challenges, as the average of multiple samples will have a lower variance.андроид bitcoin bitcoin haqida
bitcoin lion registration bitcoin london bitcoin bitcoin робот bitcoin hyip майнинга bitcoin asics bitcoin
why cryptocurrency bitcoin tradingview clockworkmod tether mastering bitcoin ethereum майнить water bitcoin ethereum телеграмм bitcoin two tether coin Secondly, supply may also be impacted by the number of bitcoins the system allows to exist. This number is capped at 21 million, where once this number is reached, mining activities will no longer create new bitcoins. For example. the supply of bitcoin reached 18.1 million in December 2019, representing 86.2% of the supply of bitcoin that will ultimately be made available. Once 21 million bitcoins are in circulation, prices depend on whether it is considered practical (readily usable in transactions), legal, and in demand, which is determined by the popularity of other cryptocurrencies. The artificial inflation mechanism of the halving of block rewards will no longer have an impact on the price of the cryptocurrency. However, at the current rate of adjustment of block rewards, the last bitcoin is not set to be mined until the year 2140 or so.rigname ethereum
ethereum рост bitcoin talk cryptocurrency bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin взлом monero пулы buying bitcoin bitcoin tm bitcoin price bitcoin parser bitcoin сервер bitcoin png bitcoin count bitcoin 4000 byzantium ethereum habrahabr bitcoin remix ethereum продам bitcoin bitcoin flapper ethereum course запуск bitcoin battle bitcoin
котировка bitcoin bitcoin millionaire bitcoin государство 1060 monero bitcoin london bitcoin ocean escrow bitcoin bitcoin wordpress таблица bitcoin bitcoin майнер
россия bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin bitcoin ферма alpari bitcoin 1 ethereum faucet cryptocurrency short bitcoin ltd bitcoin bitcoin reserve ethereum капитализация кошельки bitcoin использование bitcoin 5 bitcoin ethereum forks bitcoin блок cryptocurrency charts ethereum debian tether обменник bitcoin login вывод monero ethereum mist datadir bitcoin faucet bitcoin bitcoin protocol сбербанк bitcoin криптовалюту monero
bitcoin faucets кликер bitcoin monero pools calculator cryptocurrency удвоитель bitcoin получение bitcoin bitcoin wm jaxx bitcoin bitcoin регистрации kurs bitcoin bank cryptocurrency bitcoin путин конвертер bitcoin бот bitcoin clockworkmod tether bitcoin desk bitcoin халява bitcoin автоматически ethereum транзакции bitcoin cran bitcoin 4 supernova ethereum bitcoin xpub
free monero обменник ethereum
казино bitcoin platinum bitcoin bitcoin payoneer elena bitcoin теханализ bitcoin monero fr bitcoin миксеры avto bitcoin фонд ethereum tether ico bitcoin суть bitcoin заработать micro bitcoin tp tether bitcoin исходники rush bitcoin bitcoin форки bitcoin payeer moto bitcoin dash cryptocurrency зарегистрироваться bitcoin Whether governments around the world will accept cryptocurrencies as legal tender, or choose to ban them entirely.bitcoin xyz • $2 trillion annual market for electronic paymentsnicehash bitcoin ротатор bitcoin биржи bitcoin usb bitcoin ad bitcoin ethereum mining video bitcoin bitcoin x monero купить bitcoin carding обои bitcoin монет bitcoin
stellar cryptocurrency bitcoin tm кости bitcoin nodes bitcoin bitcoin capitalization bitcoin explorer
mikrotik bitcoin обмен tether difficulty bitcoin p2p bitcoin bank cryptocurrency bitcoin лопнет bitcoin doge wallpaper bitcoin
скачать tether
bitcoin торрент bitcoin reserve