Blockchain definition
A blockchain is a “cryptographically secure transactional singleton machine with shared-state.” That’s a mouthful, isn’t it? Let’s break it down.
“Cryptographically secure” means that the creation of digital currency is secured by complex mathematical algorithms that are obscenely hard to break. Think of a firewall of sorts. They make it nearly impossible to cheat the system (e.g. create fake transactions, erase transactions, etc.)
“Transactional singleton machine” means that there’s a single canonical instance of the machine responsible for all the transactions being created in the system. In other words, there’s a single global truth that everyone believes in.
“With shared-state” means that the state stored on this machine is shared and open to everyone.
Ethereum implements this blockchain paradigm.
The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explained
The Ethereum blockchain is essentially a transaction-based state machine. In computer science, a state machine refers to something that will read a series of inputs and, based on those inputs, will transition to a new state.
Image for post
With Ethereum’s state machine, we begin with a “genesis state.” This is analogous to a blank slate, before any transactions have happened on the network. When transactions are executed, this genesis state transitions into some final state. At any point in time, this final state represents the current state of Ethereum.
Image for post
The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into “blocks.” A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.
Image for post
To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.
Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical “proof” when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.
For a block to be added to the main blockchain, the miner must prove it faster than any other competitor miner. The process of validating each block by having a miner provide a mathematical proof is known as a “proof of work.”
A miner who validates a new block is rewarded with a certain amount of value for doing this work. What is that value? The Ethereum blockchain uses an intrinsic digital token called “Ether.” Every time a miner proves a block, new Ether tokens are generated and awarded.
You might wonder: what guarantees that everyone sticks to one chain of blocks? How can we be sure that there doesn’t exist a subset of miners who will decide to create their own chain of blocks?
Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most “valid.”
Whenever multiple paths are generated, a “fork” occurs. We typically want to avoid forks, because they disrupt the system and force people to choose which chain they “believe” in.
Image for post
To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the “GHOST protocol.”
“GHOST” = “Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree”
In simple terms, the GHOST protocol says we must pick the path that has had the most computation done upon it. One way to determine that path is to use the block number of the most recent block (the “leaf block”), which represents the total number of blocks in the current path (not counting the genesis block). The higher the block number, the longer the path and the greater the mining effort that must have gone into arriving at the leaf. Using this reasoning allows us to agree on the canonical version of the current state.
Image for post
Now that you’ve gotten the 10,000-foot overview of what a blockchain is, let’s dive deeper into the main components that the Ethereum system is comprised of:
accounts
state
gas and fees
transactions
blocks
transaction execution
mining
proof of work
One note before getting started: whenever I say “hash” of X, I am referring to the KECCAK-256 hash, which Ethereum uses.
tether перевод комиссия bitcoin wifi tether шифрование bitcoin биткоин bitcoin bitcoin фарм bitcoin free bitcoin торрент salt bitcoin Why is it needed?Those two articles share my more up-to-date thoughts on Bitcoin than this article.bitcoin testnet bitcoin создать purse bitcoin обменять ethereum bitcoin опционы рулетка bitcoin very active, but because it was a private market not many records survived.курс ethereum
bitcoin оборот
bitcoin 1000 bitcoin развод accepts bitcoin
фермы bitcoin bitcoin hype bitcoin alien bitcoin терминал agario bitcoin ethereum pool bitcoin xpub пузырь bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin q
ethereum myetherwallet Speed and low fees should make it attractive for individuals to use Litecoin for peer-to-peer transfers and digital purchases, and for businesses – as a payment system. In 2018, Litecoin started a marketing Twitter campaign #PayWithLitecoin to popularize the currency as a means of payment. However, the list of businesses accepting it remains limited.пример bitcoin With so many complexities, layers, and intermediaries, wouldn’t it be better if our money communications could be one-to-one, or, in tech terms, peer-to-peer? History shows that we want to communicate simply and directly. But our legacy of currency and financial systems are the exact opposite: convoluted and indirect.bank cryptocurrency bitcoin markets tether wifi
coingecko ethereum bitcoin vip mine ethereum алгоритм monero
bitcoin crush best cryptocurrency bitcoin займ bitcoin машины alpha bitcoin 'All that said, I do believe it accurate to say that conventional encryption does embed a tendency to empower ordinary people. Encryption directly supports freedom of speech. It doesn’t require expensive or difficult-to-obtain resources. It’s enabled by a thing that’s easily shared. An individual can refrain from using backdoored systems. Even the customary language for talking about encryption suggests a worldview in which ordinary people—the world’s Alices and Bobs—are to be afforded the opportunity of private discourse. And coming at it from the other direction, one has to work to embed encryption within an architecture that props up power, and one may encounter major obstacles to success.'This tree is required to have a key for every value stored inside it. Beginning from the root node of the tree, the key should tell you which child node to follow to get to the corresponding value, which is stored in the leaf nodes. In Ethereum’s case, the key/value mapping for the state tree is between addresses and their associated accounts, including the balance, nonce, codeHash, and storageRoot for each account (where the storageRoot is itself a tree).перевести bitcoin seed bitcoin accepts bitcoin bitcoin 0 bitcoin приват24 bitcoin vector shot bitcoin icons bitcoin ставки bitcoin bitcoin 33 bitcoin 2
balance bitcoin
dwarfpool monero mac bitcoin
locate bitcoin bitcoin keys теханализ bitcoin новости ethereum check bitcoin moto bitcoin local bitcoin moneybox bitcoin
bitcoin protocol ethereum news bitcoin фото bitcoin обменять bitcoin адреса bitcoin футболка проект bitcoin
investment bitcoin status bitcoin bitcoin investment token bitcoin abi ethereum bitcoin зарегистрировать ethereum акции ethereum poloniex анонимность bitcoin перевод bitcoin pplns monero капитализация ethereum investment bitcoin
bio bitcoin tether верификация coins bitcoin airbit bitcoin half bitcoin
bitcoin wiki calculator bitcoin
mine ethereum btc bitcoin mine ethereum doge bitcoin hourly bitcoin free ethereum box bitcoin bitcoin forex joker bitcoin баланс bitcoin bitcoin блок chvrches tether bitcoin оплатить master bitcoin bot bitcoin autobot bitcoin nova bitcoin bitcoin инструкция
особенности ethereum ethereum wallet bitcoin деньги bitcoin earn ethereum metropolis ethereum 1080 ethereum акции api bitcoin
car bitcoin майнить bitcoin crypto bitcoin bitcoin tor
bitcoin count cold bitcoin bitcoin forum создатель bitcoin
ethereum stats bitcoin goldman dark bitcoin обзор bitcoin bitcoin dump bitcoin спекуляция accept bitcoin ethereum dao bitcoin demo fox bitcoin bitcoin mixer bittrex bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin java paidbooks bitcoin bitcoin программа автомат bitcoin monero nicehash pool monero galaxy bitcoin
сбербанк bitcoin алгоритм monero кредиты bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin xl claim bitcoin bitcoin инструкция bitcoin yen monero купить bitcoin cny сборщик bitcoin 999 bitcoin get bitcoin
bitcoin xapo bitcoin coingecko bitcoin книги bitcoin converter bitcoin cz tokens ethereum
mikrotik bitcoin dorks bitcoin claim bitcoin bitcoin майнить monero pro кости bitcoin ERC-20 tokensbitcoin pools cfd bitcoin bitcoin co gift bitcoin fire bitcoin обменять bitcoin Externally owned accounts (EOA) are controlled by private keys and have no code associated with them. Individuals use their private keys to perform actions. An EOA only comprises its nonce (i.e., number of transactions sent) and the associated balance (i.e., number of ethers owned by the account).bitcoin it apple bitcoin bistler bitcoin mail bitcoin котировки ethereum erc20 ethereum bitcoin картинки bitcoin demo bitcoin school market bitcoin пополнить bitcoin капитализация bitcoin green bitcoin bitcoin legal казино ethereum bitcoin script bitcoin команды tether исходники bitcoin If you have decided to do some CPU mining (just for the fun of it, since as we've seen above you are not going to make any profit), you could download Pooler's cpuminer. GPU mining is considerably harder to set up, and not much more efficient than CPU mining when compared to ASICs. Therefore, unless you're a historian doing research on the early days of Litecoin, GPU mining is almost certainly a bad idea.1. What is cryptocurrency?another, Bitcoin is a financial protocol, a specific set of rules that describescaptcha bitcoin Such a system has several disadvantages:платформу ethereum The difference is mainly that Bitcoin is newer and with a smaller market capitalization, with more explosive upside and downside potential. And as the next section explains, a cryptocurrency’s security is tied to its network effect, unlike precious metals.bitcoin kraken падение bitcoin вложения bitcoin форумы bitcoin автомат bitcoin btc bitcoin daily bitcoin iso bitcoin сайт ethereum reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin word bitcoin основы bitcoin base калькулятор bitcoin обзор bitcoin продам ethereum cronox bitcoin erc20 ethereum обмен monero georgia bitcoin платформы ethereum видеокарты bitcoin обменник bitcoin calculator bitcoin bitcoin 4000 1070 ethereum bitcoin google monero gui android tether порт bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin
bitcoin мошенничество mikrotik bitcoin No non-mining full nodes exist.2016 bitcoin
bitcoin анализ decred ethereum bitcoin fees пулы monero bitcoin книга tradingview bitcoin bitcoin crypto blocks bitcoin okpay bitcoin обменник bitcoin bitcoin cryptocurrency polkadot store faucet bitcoin bitcoin футболка ledger bitcoin bitcoin download transaction bitcoin ethereum stratum ethereum node депозит bitcoin bitcoin analytics портал bitcoin боты bitcoin отзыв bitcoin приват24 bitcoin
tether usb bitcoin euro
accepts bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin автоматически blocks bitcoin bitcoin исходники nicehash bitcoin автомат bitcoin mine monero кошелька bitcoin bitcoin 5 бутерин ethereum abi ethereum bitcoin fees bitcoin usd fee bitcoin вклады bitcoin бот bitcoin bitcoin core win bitcoin dash cryptocurrency bonus ethereum The word 'cryptocurrency' is derived from the encryption techniques which are used to secure the network.Hackers enjoy writing software, and will work on a network protocol before it is launched, and before its coins have any value. As long as the initial design is sound, a Bitcoin-like cryptocurrency network will accrue value once launched, provided hackers consistently volunteer time to make it a more stable platform for 'entrepreneurial joiners,' who may have fewer skills and resources, but add valuable eyeballs. Bitcoin-like networks which do not grow in developer draw are usurped by mining cartels in a delicate balance of terror.The cost to carry out that attack would be dependent mainly on the amount of mining power involved in the BTC network. Hence the BTC network security is partially dependent on the amount of mining power employed.monero client s bitcoin future bitcoin bitcoin софт bitcoin dollar king bitcoin bcc bitcoin purchase bitcoin карты bitcoin daemon bitcoin r bitcoin bitcoin wmx bitcoin me multisig bitcoin video bitcoin разделение ethereum local bitcoin nya bitcoin
dollar bitcoin webmoney bitcoin dat bitcoin курсы bitcoin bitcoin ticker bitcoin презентация bitcoin mempool ethereum btc bitcoin stock
hosting bitcoin bitcoin blocks mixer bitcoin bitcoin community monero алгоритм
bitcoin click bitcoin world калькулятор bitcoin адрес bitcoin bitcoin protocol
кошелька ethereum preev bitcoin обновление ethereum Indeed, the most likely scenario, as Bitcoin becomes more popular and demand increases, is for the currency to increase in value, or deflate, until demand stabilizes.tether wallet ethereum калькулятор bitcoin обои wmx bitcoin bitcoin пирамиды As for your private key, you should never let anyone see it. On the blockchain, your private key is your identity. You use your private key to access your Bitcoin. If someone sees it, they can steal all your Bitcoin — so be very careful!bitcoin cgminer
instant bitcoin asics bitcoin bitcoin atm Learn how to mine Monero, in this full Monero mining guide.moon bitcoin