Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
decred ethereum bitcoin обмена deep bitcoin bitcoin регистрация bitcoin растет q bitcoin alpari bitcoin ethereum php
bitcoin wordpress
зарабатывать bitcoin difficulty bitcoin monero пулы ethereum новости
надежность bitcoin bitcoin обозреватель bitcoin utopia bitcoin drip bitcoin airbit bitcoin go ethereum habrahabr bitcoin стоимость форк ethereum bitcoin xpub bitcoin generate bitcoin casino обмена bitcoin вирус bitcoin bitcoin scam bitcoin desk пополнить bitcoin bitcoin crash
top cryptocurrency bitcoin simple p2pool bitcoin monero news 33 bitcoin okpay bitcoin accept bitcoin analysis bitcoin bitcoin today
транзакции bitcoin addnode bitcoin калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin депозит книга bitcoin bitcoin покупка bitcoin collector андроид bitcoin ethereum пулы отследить bitcoin bitcoin сбербанк State of affairsбиржи monero bitcoin акции bitcoin суть кошелька ethereum talk bitcoin bitcointalk monero bitcoin life cryptonator ethereum asics bitcoin bitcoin pro nonce bitcoin bitcoin 4pda zebra bitcoin ethereum статистика токен ethereum p2pool monero bitcoin venezuela airbitclub bitcoin bitcoin обменник autobot bitcoin monero transaction ethereum habrahabr ethereum faucet reddit bitcoin заработать monero bitcoin mail bitcoin генератор
zcash bitcoin monero обмен lavkalavka bitcoin ethereum капитализация bitcoin ether
monero пулы maps bitcoin bitcoin stock bitcoin комментарии bitcoin рулетка simple bitcoin покупка ethereum
stats ethereum bitcoin prosto bitcoin обменники armory bitcoin фермы bitcoin bitcoin red таблица bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar
bitcoin bounty forecast bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон
japan bitcoin bitcoin 10 bitcoin get mail bitcoin bitcoin рубль
bitcoin коллектор доходность ethereum cryptocurrency dash
bitcoin eth bitcoin email bitcoin ios
bestchange bitcoin bitcointalk monero
lootool bitcoin moneypolo bitcoin bip bitcoin
bitcoin msigna mercado bitcoin прогнозы ethereum
ios bitcoin bitcoin fan bitcoin пицца super bitcoin вывод monero
carding bitcoin системе bitcoin bitcoin services ropsten ethereum auto bitcoin bitcoin conveyor bitcoin cards курса ethereum reddit bitcoin bitcoin king bitcoin example tether coinmarketcap bitcoin betting bcn bitcoin ethereum сбербанк кредиты bitcoin wmz bitcoin bitcoin заработок
hd7850 monero lealana bitcoin monero hashrate системе bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin goldmine tether iphone bitcoin коллектор bittrex bitcoin direct bitcoin токены ethereum bitcoin prune bitcoin картинки ubuntu ethereum
bitcoin wmx bitcoin новости bitcoin заработок bitcoin ishlash перевод ethereum ethereum покупка monero калькулятор верификация tether monero пулы bitcoin компьютер ethereum crane
удвоитель bitcoin bitcoin evolution moneybox bitcoin краны monero баланс bitcoin crococoin bitcoin ethereum логотип monero новости cryptocurrency rates laundering bitcoin
youtube bitcoin nanopool ethereum
ethereum addresses книга bitcoin ethereum forks bitcoin таблица bitcoin hesaplama пожертвование bitcoin
bitcoin конвертер cpuminer monero battle bitcoin tabtrader bitcoin
miningpoolhub ethereum secp256k1 bitcoin cgminer bitcoin bitcoin coingecko 1080 ethereum bitcoin 99 проблемы bitcoin ethereum telegram bitcoin монет создатель ethereum портал bitcoin bitcoin стратегия ethereum api перевод bitcoin
bitcoin 4 cryptonator ethereum roll bitcoin пополнить bitcoin bitcoin system
bitcoin payment bitcoin grafik
bitcoin приложение bitcoin symbol bitcoin google dark bitcoin ethereum кошельки opencart bitcoin playstation bitcoin wirex bitcoin maps bitcoin bitcoin blocks
bitcoin usb
moto bitcoin пополнить bitcoin invest bitcoin
рубли bitcoin block bitcoin miner monero bitcoin mmm bitcoin shops bitcoin регистрация платформы ethereum korbit bitcoin
store bitcoin map bitcoin bitcoin create python bitcoin bitcoin динамика rate bitcoin отзывы ethereum bitcoin ebay фильм bitcoin metropolis ethereum monero bitcoin получить love bitcoin
bitcoin википедия логотип bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress курс ethereum cryptocurrency trading ethereum обвал покер bitcoin tether mining подтверждение bitcoin bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin skrill 4 bitcoin bitcoin elena bitcoin valet tether addon bitcoin лопнет bitcoin сложность bitcoin блоки bitcoin fpga bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin чат bitcoin аналитика новости bitcoin bitcoin converter bitcoin mt4 bitcoin fox daemon monero
qiwi bitcoin bitcoin rotator ethereum node tether программа ethereum solidity bitcoin оборот история bitcoin bitcoin paper bitcoin wm mixer bitcoin monero калькулятор bitcoin компьютер A small-scale miner with a single consumer-grade computer may spend more on electricity than they will earn mining bitcoins. Bitcoin mining is profitable only for those who run multiple computers with high-performance video processing cards and who join a group of miners to combine hardware power.Researchers Neil Gandal, JT Hamrick, Tyler Moore, and Tali Oberman claimed that in late 2013, price manipulation by one person likely caused a price spike from US$150 to more than US$1000.A multisignature wallet is one where multiple private keys are required to move the bitcoins instead of a single key. Such a wallet can be used for requiring agreement among multiple people to spend, can eliminate a single point of failure, and can be used as form of backup, among other applications.monero rur Joining a mining poolpizza bitcoin Our favorite hardware wallet is the Trezor device, designed by the creatorgift bitcoin токен ethereum карты bitcoin bitcoin казахстан bitcoin cryptocurrency bonus bitcoin
bitcoin double bitcoin income ethereum core bitcoin registration bitcoin signals monero hardware
ethereum курсы
bitcoin карта reddit cryptocurrency
flypool ethereum nanopool ethereum bitcoin server bitcoin pools bitcoin server шахты bitcoin life bitcoin
bitcoin экспресс utxo bitcoin bitcoin network ethereum контракты gold cryptocurrency bitcoin dance кошельки bitcoin bitcoin network bitcoin pay расчет bitcoin ethereum контракты сша bitcoin bitcoin trend adbc bitcoin bitcoin перевод bitcoin prices ethereum ротаторы bitcoin сша
стоимость monero cryptocurrency market investment bitcoin bitcoin network hit bitcoin иконка bitcoin bitcoin обменник bitcoin start ethereum токены bitcoin redex bitcoin tools jaxx bitcoin bitcoin растет monero hardware кран ethereum cryptocurrency market разработчик bitcoin buy tether
bitcoin token bitcoin iso
bitcoin etf bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin экспресс monero обменять bitcoin services bitcoin logo продам ethereum daemon monero bitcoin trinity получение bitcoin pizza bitcoin monero benchmark bitcoin акции стоимость monero
bitcoin compare пул bitcoin world bitcoin bitcoin advertising bitcoin математика киа bitcoin bitcoin список bitcoin динамика bitcoin rig iota cryptocurrency ethereum contracts bitcoin адреса bitcoin sha256 кликер bitcoin bitcoin plus ethereum mist ethereum падение сервер bitcoin group bitcoin bitcoin заработать bitcoin classic скрипт bitcoin отзыв bitcoin bitcoin office
ethereum torrent рейтинг bitcoin ico ethereum bitcoin generator fast bitcoin app bitcoin bitcoin торги bitcoin cap
сложность bitcoin There is a central point of failure: the bank.tp tether Cheap. Fees can be very very low.future bitcoin Notable theftsCompared to launching an ICO, venture investing, or volatility-trading, a mining operation is the least exposed to capital market 'narratives,' making it the most predictable cryptocurrency investment activity. Mining profitability is driven by semiconductor cycles, energy expenditure, and the overall performance of the cryptocurrency market. While a mining investment is fundamentally a long position, it comes with a lower cost basis, so long as a miner optimizes for overhead costs and buys their machines at a fair retail price. A miner’s decisions to buy hardware or support a given network are much less influenced by short term market fashions than on the fundamental qualities of the network protocol, and the technological life cycle of hardware being purchased. Considerations for miners include, but are not limited to, fundamental factors such as:эфириум ethereum loco bitcoin
litecoin bitcoin терминалы bitcoin vector bitcoin cronox bitcoin 2x bitcoin bitcoin блок cpp ethereum
bitcoin word bitcoin авито bitcoin зебра gps tether block ethereum bitcoin работа ethereum logo trade cryptocurrency bitcoin котировки bitcoin analysis tether пополнение стоимость bitcoin kupit bitcoin bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin doubler monero форум monero fr mine ethereum bitcoin список bitcoin protocol rise cryptocurrency weather bitcoin bitcoin 2017 рулетка bitcoin bitcoin world bitcoin ключи
bitcoin mine explorer ethereum Trezor Model T Reviewabi ethereum polkadot su wm bitcoin bitcoin ocean bitcoin msigna bitcoin вебмани bitcoin hardfork bitcoin coinmarketcap monero rur bitcoin download spots cryptocurrency Many of the apps we use day to day have companies in the middle making the app work. YouTube stores videos for people to view. Robinhood holds our money for investing in stocks. Facebook stores and analyzes detailed personal information about its users.Supports more than 1,100 cryptocurrenciesclient ethereum бесплатные bitcoin To access bitcoin, you use a wallet, which is a set of keys. These can take different forms, from third-party web applications offering insurance and debit cards, to QR codes printed on pieces of paper. The most important distinction is between 'hot' wallets, which are connected to the internet and therefore vulnerable to hacking, and 'cold' wallets, which are not connected to the internet. In the Mt. Gox case above, it is believed that most of the BTC stolen were taken from a hot wallet. Still, many users entrust their private keys to cryptocurrency exchanges, which essentially is a bet that those exchanges will have stronger defense against the possibility of theft than one's own computer.Cryptocurrencybitcoin кредиты bitcoin matrix
bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin государство bitcoin rub bitcoin payeer bitcoin автор login bitcoin 1000 bitcoin bitcoin tor ethereum ann bitcoin price bitcoin валюты code bitcoin de bitcoin bitcoin сайт bitcoin options ethereum ico математика bitcoin эфир ethereum bitcoin книги bitcoin обналичить bitcoin monkey розыгрыш bitcoin bitcoin landing bitcoin q bitcoin анализ ethereum investing bitcoin xt фонд ethereum bitcoin зебра roboforex bitcoin bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin market bitcoin открыть ethereum block bcc bitcoin bitcoin cms bitcoin торговля bitcoin проверить local ethereum ethereum gas bank bitcoin bitcoin etf мастернода ethereum купить ethereum monero free monero proxy
simplewallet monero super bitcoin bitcoin facebook bitcoin rt alpha bitcoin ethereum ферма get bitcoin to bitcoin wifi tether hacking bitcoin приват24 bitcoin bitcoin исходники
bitcoin daily chaindata ethereum рулетка bitcoin vk bitcoin difficulty ethereum ropsten ethereum проекта ethereum konvert bitcoin talk bitcoin bitcoin friday bitcoin blockstream ethereum foundation
hashrate bitcoin bitcoin magazin bitcoin boom wallets cryptocurrency
dorks bitcoin flappy bitcoin bitcoin shop lurkmore bitcoin
bitcoin мавроди bitcoin planet bitcoin фильм ethereum project bitcoin minecraft foto bitcoin tether bootstrap difficulty monero 0 bitcoin логотип bitcoin bitcoin основы yota tether bitcoin scrypt
system bitcoin bitcoin price bitcoin перспективы bitcoin desk bitcoin crash check bitcoin ethereum ann satoshi bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin бесплатный monero hardware
lootool bitcoin
программа ethereum kaspersky bitcoin bitcoin казино rinkeby ethereum разработчик ethereum bitcoin monkey bitcoin code poloniex ethereum разработчик ethereum bitcoin видеокарты masternode bitcoin nodes bitcoin easy bitcoin cryptocurrency trading конференция bitcoin вывести bitcoin ethereum online ethereum web3
production cryptocurrency ann monero
